{
  "updated": "2026-08-17",
  "research": [
    {
      "year": 2026,
      "title": "Online supervised learning of temporal patterns in biological neural networks under feedback control",
      "authors": "Sono et al.",
      "journal": "PNAS",
      "kind": "Peer reviewed",
      "url": "https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2521560123",
      "note": "Closed-loop modular cortical cultures learned to generate periodic and chaotic temporal signals.",
      "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2521560123"
    },
    {
      "year": 2026,
      "title": "Shape-conformal porous frameworks for full coverage of neural organoids and high-resolution electrophysiology",
      "authors": "Liu et al.",
      "journal": "Nature Biomedical Engineering",
      "kind": "Peer reviewed",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-026-01620-y",
      "note": "A 3D organoid interface achieved near-complete surface coverage with 240 individually addressable microelectrodes.",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41551-026-01620-y"
    },
    {
      "year": 2026,
      "title": "Multilayered microelectrode array for monitoring electrophysiological signals of 3D neural networks in cerebral organoid",
      "authors": "Kim et al.",
      "journal": "Microsystems & Nanoengineering",
      "kind": "Peer reviewed",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41378-026-01328-8",
      "note": "Stacked mesh MEAs recorded depth-dependent activity across cerebral organoids for more than four weeks.",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41378-026-01328-8"
    },
    {
      "year": 2026,
      "title": "Goal-directed learning in cortical organoids",
      "authors": "Robbins et al.",
      "journal": "Cell Reports",
      "kind": "Peer reviewed",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(26)00062-8",
      "note": "Closed-loop cart-pole experiments with feedback-driven plasticity.",
      "doi": ""
    },
    {
      "year": 2026,
      "title": "A three-dimensional micro-instrumented neural network device",
      "authors": "Mritunjay, Sturm & Fu",
      "journal": "Nature Electronics",
      "kind": "Peer reviewed",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-026-01608-1",
      "note": "3D flexible interface with chronic recording, stimulation and reservoir-computing experiments.",
      "doi": ""
    },
    {
      "year": 2026,
      "title": "Synthetic Biological Intelligence: System-Level Interaction Architectures, Interfaces, and Emerging Applications",
      "authors": "Schottlender et al.",
      "journal": "arXiv",
      "kind": "Preprint review",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.27933",
      "note": "Systems-engineering survey of interfaces, encoding, decoding, feedback and benchmarking.",
      "doi": ""
    },
    {
      "year": 2025,
      "title": "Encoding Tactile Stimuli for Organoid Intelligence in Braille Recognition",
      "authors": "Liu, Philamore & Ward-Cherrier",
      "journal": "arXiv",
      "kind": "Preprint",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.20850",
      "note": "Open-loop tactile encoding and classification with human forebrain organoids.",
      "doi": ""
    },
    {
      "year": 2025,
      "title": "Starting a Synthetic Biological Intelligence Lab from Scratch",
      "authors": "Tanveer et al.",
      "journal": "Patterns",
      "kind": "Peer reviewed",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/patterns/fulltext/S2666-3899(25)00080-7",
      "note": "Practical overview of the multidisciplinary requirements for SBI experiments.",
      "doi": ""
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "title": "Open and remotely accessible Neuroplatform for research in wetware computing",
      "authors": "Jordan et al.",
      "journal": "Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence",
      "kind": "Peer reviewed",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2024.1376042/full",
      "note": "Architecture and operation of FinalSpark’s remotely accessible organoid platform.",
      "doi": ""
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "title": "Mind In Vitro Platforms: Versatile, Scalable, Robust, and Open Solutions for Interfacing With In Vitro Neural Networks",
      "authors": "Zhang et al.",
      "journal": "Advanced Science",
      "kind": "Peer reviewed",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10953569/",
      "note": "Open platform work aimed at reproducible living-neuron computing research.",
      "doi": ""
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "title": "Brain organoid reservoir computing for artificial intelligence",
      "authors": "Cai et al.",
      "journal": "Nature Electronics",
      "kind": "Peer reviewed",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-023-01069-w",
      "note": "Brainoware reservoir-computing experiments.",
      "doi": ""
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "title": "Organoid intelligence (OI): the new frontier in biocomputing and intelligence-in-a-dish",
      "authors": "Smirnova et al.",
      "journal": "Frontiers in Science",
      "kind": "Perspective / framework",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/science/articles/10.3389/fsci.2023.1017235/full",
      "note": "Field-defining organoid-intelligence framework and embedded-ethics proposal.",
      "doi": ""
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "title": "In vitro neurons learn and exhibit sentience when embodied in a simulated game-world",
      "authors": "Kagan et al.",
      "journal": "Neuron",
      "kind": "Peer reviewed",
      "url": "https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(22)00806-6",
      "note": "DishBrain closed-loop Pong experiments.",
      "doi": ""
    }
  ]
}