{
  "updated": "2026-08-17",
  "method": "Evidence labels describe the strongest public source supporting each record. Last-verified dates indicate the most recent source check.",
  "systems": [
    {
      "slug": "cl1",
      "name": "CL1",
      "org": "Cortical Labs",
      "year": 2025,
      "substrate": "2D neuronal culture",
      "substrate_key": "2d",
      "species": "Cultured neurons",
      "interface": "Custom silicon MEA",
      "task": "Programmable closed-loop experiments",
      "evidence": "Commercial platform",
      "evidence_key": "company",
      "access": "Device + cloud",
      "access_key": "commercial",
      "status": "Available",
      "summary": "Self-contained neuron-on-silicon platform with recording, stimulation, life support and a developer API.",
      "source": "https://corticallabs.com/cl1",
      "source_label": "Cortical Labs CL1",
      "doi": "",
      "last_verified": "2026-08-17"
    },
    {
      "slug": "cartpole-organoids",
      "name": "Goal-directed cart-pole organoids",
      "org": "UC Santa Cruz and collaborators",
      "year": 2026,
      "substrate": "3D cortical organoids",
      "substrate_key": "3d",
      "species": "Mouse",
      "interface": "Electrophysiology + closed loop",
      "task": "Goal-directed pole balancing",
      "evidence": "Peer reviewed",
      "evidence_key": "peer",
      "access": "Research",
      "access_key": "research",
      "status": "Published",
      "summary": "Feedback-driven training improved performance relative to random stimulation in a virtual cart-pole task.",
      "source": "https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(26)00062-8",
      "source_label": "Cell Reports 2026",
      "doi": "",
      "last_verified": "2026-08-17"
    },
    {
      "slug": "temporal-pattern-bnn",
      "name": "Temporal-pattern BNN",
      "org": "Tohoku University and collaborators",
      "year": 2026,
      "substrate": "2D modular cortical culture",
      "substrate_key": "2d",
      "species": "Cultured cortical neurons",
      "interface": "Microfluidics + high-density MEA",
      "task": "Autonomous temporal-pattern generation",
      "evidence": "Peer reviewed",
      "evidence_key": "peer",
      "access": "Research",
      "access_key": "research",
      "status": "Published",
      "summary": "A closed-loop biological neural network trained with a linear decoder generated periodic and chaotic temporal signals autonomously.",
      "source": "https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2521560123",
      "source_label": "PNAS 2026",
      "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2521560123",
      "last_verified": "2026-08-17"
    },
    {
      "slug": "brainoware",
      "name": "Brainoware",
      "org": "Indiana University and collaborators",
      "year": 2023,
      "substrate": "3D brain organoid",
      "substrate_key": "3d",
      "species": "Human iPSC-derived",
      "interface": "High-density MEA",
      "task": "Reservoir computing",
      "evidence": "Peer reviewed",
      "evidence_key": "peer",
      "access": "Research",
      "access_key": "research",
      "status": "Published",
      "summary": "Brain organoid used as an adaptive reservoir for speech recognition and nonlinear equation prediction.",
      "source": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-023-01069-w",
      "source_label": "Nature Electronics 2023",
      "doi": "",
      "last_verified": "2026-08-17"
    },
    {
      "slug": "finalspark",
      "name": "FinalSpark Neuroplatform",
      "org": "FinalSpark",
      "year": 2024,
      "substrate": "3D neural organoids",
      "substrate_key": "3d",
      "species": "Human iPSC-derived",
      "interface": "MEA + microfluidics + remote API",
      "task": "Remote wetware experiments",
      "evidence": "Peer-reviewed platform",
      "evidence_key": "peer",
      "access": "Remote",
      "access_key": "remote",
      "status": "Operating",
      "summary": "Remotely accessible platform for long-running stimulation, recording and closed-loop experiments on neural organoids.",
      "source": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2024.1376042/full",
      "source_label": "Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2024",
      "doi": "",
      "last_verified": "2026-08-17"
    },
    {
      "slug": "dishbrain",
      "name": "DishBrain",
      "org": "Cortical Labs and collaborators",
      "year": 2022,
      "substrate": "2D cortical neurons",
      "substrate_key": "2d",
      "species": "Human and mouse cultures",
      "interface": "High-density MEA",
      "task": "Closed-loop Pong",
      "evidence": "Peer reviewed",
      "evidence_key": "peer",
      "access": "Research",
      "access_key": "research",
      "status": "Published",
      "summary": "Cultured cortical neurons coupled to a simulated Pong environment through structured electrical feedback.",
      "source": "https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(22)00806-6",
      "source_label": "Neuron 2022",
      "doi": "",
      "last_verified": "2026-08-17"
    },
    {
      "slug": "braille-organoids",
      "name": "Braille organoid classifier",
      "org": "University of Bristol and collaborators",
      "year": 2025,
      "substrate": "3D forebrain organoids",
      "substrate_key": "3d",
      "species": "Human",
      "interface": "Low-density MEA",
      "task": "Tactile Braille classification",
      "evidence": "Preprint",
      "evidence_key": "preprint",
      "access": "Research",
      "access_key": "research",
      "status": "Preprint",
      "summary": "Tactile sensor events were encoded as electrical stimulation; a three-organoid ensemble reached higher classification accuracy than a single organoid.",
      "source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.20850",
      "source_label": "arXiv 2025",
      "doi": "",
      "last_verified": "2026-08-17"
    },
    {
      "slug": "3d-mind",
      "name": "3D-MIND",
      "org": "Princeton University",
      "year": 2026,
      "substrate": "3D cultured neural network",
      "substrate_key": "3d",
      "species": "Rat hippocampal neurons",
      "interface": "3D flexible electrode array",
      "task": "Reservoir computing + chronic stimulation",
      "evidence": "Peer reviewed",
      "evidence_key": "peer",
      "access": "Research",
      "access_key": "research",
      "status": "Published",
      "summary": "A flexible three-dimensional electronic scaffold records and stimulates neural activity across multiple planes for months.",
      "source": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-026-01608-1",
      "source_label": "Nature Electronics 2026",
      "doi": "",
      "last_verified": "2026-08-17"
    },
    {
      "slug": "mind-in-vitro",
      "name": "Mind in Vitro platform",
      "org": "University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign consortium",
      "year": 2024,
      "substrate": "2D cultured neural networks",
      "substrate_key": "2d",
      "species": "Cultured neurons",
      "interface": "Open modular electrophysiology platform",
      "task": "Programmable living-neuron research",
      "evidence": "Peer reviewed",
      "evidence_key": "peer",
      "access": "Research platform",
      "access_key": "research",
      "status": "Active programme",
      "summary": "Open, modular hardware and software developed to make in-vitro neural computing experiments more reproducible and scalable.",
      "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10953569/",
      "source_label": "Advanced Science 2024",
      "doi": "",
      "last_verified": "2026-08-17"
    },
    {
      "slug": "tbc-neural-optimizer",
      "name": "TBC Neural Optimizer",
      "org": "The Biological Computing Co.",
      "year": 2026,
      "substrate": "Living neural networks → software",
      "substrate_key": "hybrid",
      "species": "Living neurons",
      "interface": "MEA experiments + software adapter",
      "task": "Video-model optimization",
      "evidence": "Company demonstration",
      "evidence_key": "company",
      "access": "Public demo / early access",
      "access_key": "commercial",
      "status": "Public proof of concept",
      "summary": "TBC studies living neural dynamics and translates selected principles into a software adapter for an interactive video model.",
      "source": "https://www.tbc.co/demo",
      "source_label": "TBC public demo",
      "doi": "",
      "last_verified": "2026-08-17"
    },
    {
      "slug": "neurorium",
      "name": "Neurorium BNN demonstrations",
      "org": "Neurorium",
      "year": 2026,
      "substrate": "Biological neural networks",
      "substrate_key": "hybrid",
      "species": "Cultured neural networks",
      "interface": "Electrophysiology + software",
      "task": "Visual memory, classification and control demos",
      "evidence": "Company demonstration",
      "evidence_key": "company",
      "access": "Development",
      "access_key": "commercial",
      "status": "Startup demonstrations",
      "summary": "Berlin startup demonstrating short-term visual-memory reconstruction, image classification and simple control tasks with biological neural networks.",
      "source": "https://neurorium.ai/",
      "source_label": "Neurorium",
      "doi": "",
      "last_verified": "2026-08-17"
    }
  ]
}